Esophageal cancer is cancer that occurs in the esophagus (a long, hollow tube that runs from your throat to your stomach, also called the esophagus or esophagus). The food you eat is carried through the esophagus to the stomach for digestion.
Food pipe cancer usually begins in the cells that are inside the esophagus. Cancer of the esophagus can occur anywhere in the esophagus. Men are at higher risk of esophageal cancer than women.
In many regions of the world, such as parts of Asia and In Africa, cancer of the esophagus is very common.
Certain factors are known that play a major role in increasing the risk of developing esophageal cancer. These include alcohol consumption, smoking, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett esophagus, being overweight or obese, not consuming enough fruits and vegetables, etc.
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Common symptoms of esophagus cancer
People who have frequent throat infections are more likely to develop cancer of the esophagus.
Having trouble swallowing can lead to cancer.
Chest pain or burning is also a symptom of esophageal cancer.
Frequent coughing or throat sounds also increase the chances of cancer of the esophagus.
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Who can get cancer of the esophagus?
- Consumption of alcohol can be the main cause of cancer of the esophagus.
- Cancer can occur even if the problem of acid reflux persists.
- Drinking too much hot water or fluids also increases the chances of cancer in the esophagus.
- Cancer of the esophagus can also occur in smokers.
Cause of cancer of the esophagus
Like other types of cancer, the cause of esophageal cancer is still unknown. However, certain factors are known that play a major role in increasing the risk of developing esophageal cancer. These include alcohol consumption, smoking, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett esophagus, being overweight or obese, not consuming enough fruits and vegetables, etc.
With advanced stages of cancer in the esophagus, complications are more likely to occur, including severe pain, bleeding in the esophagus, blockage of the esophagus or difficulty swallowing food and liquid.
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Prevention of cancer of the esophagus
However, there is no sure way to prevent esophageal cancer. Nevertheless, by adopting some preventive measures, one can reduce the risk of esophageal cancer. To reduce the risk of cancer, don't smoke, avoid tobacco use, get regular exercise, avoid excessive alcohol consumption, eat plenty of fruits and vegetables, and maintain a healthy weight.
The following are the stages of cancer in the esophagus:
Stage 0- Cancer does not develop in this stage, only abnormal cells are found.
Stage I- In this stage the cancer is confined to cells found only in the lining of the esophagus.
Stage II- In this stage the tumor cells have spread to the outer wall of the esophagus. In addition, the cancer may have spread to 1 to 2 nearby lymph nodes.
Stage III – This stage means that the cancer has spread deep into the inner muscle layer or the connective tissue wall. And this cancer can spread to the organs around the esophagus or most of the nearby lymph nodes.
Stage IV – This is the most advanced and advanced stage of cancer. This means that the cancer has spread to other organs in the body or distant lymph nodes from the esophagus.
Testing for cancer in the esophagus
Endoscopy
In endoscopy, the doctor examines your throat by inserting a thin flexible tube with a camera in front of it, down your throat.
Biopsy
In a biopsy, your doctor will use surgery, an endoscope, or a needle to remove a piece of tissue from your throat and test for cancer.
Imaging test
X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and abdominal scans can show whether cancer has spread beyond your throat to other parts of your body.
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Types of cancer in the esophagus
Esophageal cancer is classified based on the type of cells. There are two main types of cancer in the esophagus:
Squamous cell carcinoma - The squamous cell carcinoma type of esophageal cancer begins in the flat, thin cells lining the esophagus. This type of cancer is most visible in the upper or middle part of the esophagus.
Adenocarcinoma - When cancer begins in the glandular cells that produce mucus-like fluid in the esophagus, it is a type of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Adenocarcinoma most commonly affects the lower part of the esophagus.
Other rare types - Other rare types of esophageal cancer can include the following, such as - small cell carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, melanoma and choriocarcinoma, etc.
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What is the treatment for throat cancer?
Surgery
If esophageal cancer is small and has not spread, the doctor may remove the tumor using an endoscope and minimally invasive surgery. In severe cases, it is also possible to remove the upper part of the stomach during surgery. Laparoscopic surgery involves cutting the esophagus where the cancer cells are and connecting the stomach to the throat.
Chemotherapy
Under chemotherapy, cancer cells are destroyed using certain drugs. Chemotherapy may be recommended before or after surgery. Sometimes chemotherapy may be used along with radiation therapy. There are some possible side effects that can occur with chemotherapy, including:
- hair loss
- Getting nausea
- vomiting
- Feeling tired, etc.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses a beam of radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation can be given externally or internally to treat cancer. Internal radiation therapy is called brachytherapy. Chemotherapy is usually used along with radiation therapy. A person may experience the following side effects after radiation therapy, such as:
- Appearance of sunburned skin
- experiencing pain or difficulty swallowing
- feeling tired
- Painful ulcer formation in the lining of the food pipe, etc.
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